Your browser does not support the PubReader view.
Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.
The Korean Journal of Public Administration
[ Article ]
Korean Journal of Public Administration - Vol. 62, No. 3, pp.139-170
ISSN: 1229-6694 (Print)
Print publication date 30 Sep 2024
Received 19 Jul 2024 Revised 22 Aug 2024 Accepted 06 Sep 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24145/KJPA.62.3.5

텍스트 분석을 활용한 시진핑 시기 중국 과학기술 체제(體制)와 정책 담론 분석 연구

최창용* ; 윤지혜**
*제1저자, 서울대학교 행정대학원 부교수 및 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 겸무연구원 cychoi22@snu.ac.kr
**교신저자, 서울대학교 행정대학원 석사수료 yjihye@snu.ac.kr
A Study of the Xi Jinping Era’s Science and Technology System and Policy Discourses in China Using Text Analysis
Changyong Choi* ; Jihye Yoon**

초록

본 연구는 중국 과학기술 발전의 동인으로 과학기술정책과 담론의 변화·발전이 주요하게 작용했을 것이라는 문제의식 아래 시진핑 시기 과학기술 체제를 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 중국의 법률 데이터베이스 “China Legal Retrieval System”의 중앙정부와 지방정부의 과학기술 체제 관련 정책 문서를 대상으로 텍스트 마이닝과 키워드 간 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 시진핑 집권 1기에는 과학기술 개발을 위한 기업과 산업 구축 중심의 키워드와 담론이, 시진핑 집권 2기에는 기업의 성과관리와 정부의 권력 집중 중심의 키워드와 담론이, 시진핑 집권 3기에는 의료빅데이터 프라이버시 정보 보호와 금융산업 발전 및 감독 관리 체계 중심의 키워드와 담론이 도출되었다. 본 연구는 텍스트-네트워크 분석을 통해 시진핑 시기 중앙정부와 지방정부의 과학기술 체제 정책과 담론의 변화를 분석하였고, 중국 과학기술 체제의 변화 추세와 주요 담론을 추적함으로써 시기별 중국 정부의 관심사를 확인하고 한국에 시사하는 정책적 함의를 제시하였다.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the science and technology system during Xi Jinping’s tenure, based on the premise that the evolution of science and technology policies and discourses has significantly influenced China’s scientific and technological development. The study conducted text mining and keyword network analysis on central and local government policy documents related to the science and technology system utilizing the "China Legal Retrieval System," a database of Chinese laws. The analysis revealed that keywords and discourses focused on the establishment of enterprises and industries for scientific and technological development during Xi Jinping’s first term. The focus shifted in his second term to the performance management of enterprises and centralization of government power. The emphasis during his third term was on the protection of medical big data privacy, and the development and regulation of the financial industry. This study identified the trends and key policy keywords of China’s science and technology system by examining the policy discourses of both central and local governments during Xi Jinping’s era, derived major discourses, and confirmed the Chinese government’s concerns and future directions during different periods.

Keywords:

chinese science and technology governance, text mining, social network analysis, xi jinping

키워드:

중국 과학기술 체제, 텍스트 마이닝, 네트워크 분석, 시진핑

Acknowledgments

본 연구는 서울대학교 신임교수 연구 정착금으로 지원되는 연구비와 서울대학교 행정대학원 글로벌행정발전연구소(GDI)의 지원을 받았습니다. 본 논문의 완성도를 높여주신 익명의 심사자께 감사드립니다.

References

  • 김민호･김영준. (2024). 텍스트 네트워크 분석과 임베딩 모델을 이용한 일본 과학기술정책 의제 변화 분석. ｢행정논총｣, 62(1): 87-110.
  • 김정수. (2021). ‘과학보급(科普)’으로서 중국 인공지능 교육 ― 초중등 인공지능 교육을 중심으로. ｢중국어문학지｣, 76: 270-302.
  • 김정진. (2024). 중국 의료빅데이터의 프라이버시 정보 보호에 관한 고찰. ｢의생명과학과 법｣, 28: 177-201.
  • 김지숙. (2012). 빅데이터 활용과 분석기법 고찰. 석사학위논문, 고려대학교 대학원.
  • 박상도･조원권. (2017). 중국 재생에너지 정책담론 확산 연구: 빅데이터 분석을 중심으로. ｢중국연구｣, 73: 221-241.
  • 서경숙･김이현･이득기･이선복. (2023). 텍스트마이닝을 활용한 2022 개정 교육과정 정책에 대한 언론 보도의 쟁점 분석. ｢교육과정평가연구｣, 26(3): 1-27.
  • 손동운･주수현. (2022). 국가-지역 과학기술 거버넌스 혁신 방안에 관한 연구-부산광역시를 중심으로. ｢한국혁신학회지｣, 17(2): 21-45.
  • 유예림. (2017). 빅데이터 분석기법을 활용한 2015 개정 교육과정 정책에 대한 언론 보도 분석. 박사학위논문, 서울대학교.
  • 유정원. (2012). 중국 과학기술 체제 개혁과 정부의 역할 변화. ｢중국학논총｣, 35: 273-302.
  • 유정원. (2018). 4차 산업혁명시대 중국 과학기술혁신 정책의 변화-빅데이터 사례를 중심으로. ｢인문사회 21｣, 9(1): 845-857.
  • 이상빈. (2019). 중국의 국가혁신체제(NIS)와 ‘내생적 성장’을 위한 과학기술 혁신정책. ｢중소연구｣, 42(4): 165-212.
  • 이주호･최창용. (2017). 혁신생태계 조성을 위한 정부 개혁. ｢KDI 연구보고서｣, 1-321.
  • 이준호. (2020). 중국의 중앙-지방관계: 역사적 유산, 동학, 경향성 및 전망. ｢중국지식네트워크｣, 15(15): 141-174.
  • 이혜진. (2023). 중국의 행정개혁과 과학기술 분야 법제의 개정에 관한 소고: 중국 과학기술진보법과 한국 과학기술기본법의 비교를 중심으로. ｢중소연구｣, 47(1): 147-180.
  • 임강희･최현주･강경환. (2023). 중국공산당 주요 보고서 분석을 통한 중국 과학기술 발전방향 연구 –텍스트마이닝 기법을 활용하여-. ｢한국산학기술학회논문지｣, 24(7): 317-324.
  • 조영남. (2023). 시진핑,‘일인 지배’의 첫발을 내딛다!: 중국공산당 20차 전국대표대회 분석. ｢중국사회과학논총｣, 5(1): 4-44.
  • 조영남. (2023). 중국은 왜 갑자기 ‘동태적 코로나’ 정책을 바꾸었나?. ｢중소연구｣, 47(1): 7-57.
  • 차정미. (2022). 미중 전략경쟁과 과학기술외교(Science Diplomacy)의 부상. ｢국제정치논총｣, 62(4): 57-86.
  • 한동균. (2019). 4차 산업혁명시대 중국의 과학기술혁신 정책 변화와 한국의 대응방안. ｢아시아연구｣, 22(2): 33-70.
  • 홍성범･이춘근. (2000). 중국의 과학기술체제와 정책. ｢국별과학기술정책분석｣, pp. 1-172.
  • 홍철･박인권. (2017). 중국 지방정부 역량이 대기오염 개선성과에 미치는 영향. ｢지역연구｣, 33(4): 29-42.
  • Agarwala, Nitin & Rana Divyank Chaudhary. (2019). China’s Policy on Science and Technology: Implications for the Next Industrial Transition. India Quarterly, 75(2): 206–227. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928419841786]
  • Cao, Cong & Richard P. Suttmeier. (2017). Challenges of S&T system reform in China. Science, 355: 1019-1021. [https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal2515]
  • Cao, Cong, Ning Li, Xia Li & Liu Li. (2013). Reforming China’s S&T System. Science, 341: 460-462. [https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234206]
  • Cao, Cong, Ning Li, Xia Li & Liu Li. (2018). Reform of China’s Science and Technology System in the Xi Jinping Era. An International Journal, 16(3): 120-141. [https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2018.0028]
  • Chen, Jin, Xiaoting Zhao & Liang Tong. (2011). China’s R&D internationalization and reform of science and technology system. Journal of Science and Technology Policy in China, 2(2): 100-121. [https://doi.org/10.1108/17585521111155183]
  • Doyle, Timothy, Doug McEachern, & Sherilyn MacGregor. (2016). Environment and Politics, UK: Routledge. [https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203383704]
  • Gabriele, Alberto. (2001). SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES, INDUSTRIAL REFORM AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS IN CHINA-Can socialist property rights be compatible with technological catching up?, Discussion papers, (UNCTAD) 155: 1-55.
  • Gong, Dong Sung & Ki Woong Yoon. (2018). Modes of Public Governance: A Typology towards a Conceptual Modeling. Journal of Governance Studies, 13(1): 29-58. [https://doi.org/10.16973/jgs.2018.13.1.002]
  • Gu, Shuilin. (1995). A Review of Reform Policy for the S&T System in China: From Paid Transactions for Technology to Organizational Restructuring. UNU/INTECH Working Paper, 17: 1-61.
  • Heberer, Thomas & Schubert, Gunter. (2012). County and Township Cadres as a Strategic Group. A New Approach to Political Agency in China’s Local State. Journal of Chinese Political Science , 17: 221-249. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-012-9200-8]
  • Hu, Shuigen, Xiaochi Wu & Yilin Cang. (2024). Exploring Business Environment Policy Changes in China Using Quantitative Text Analysis. Sustainability, 19: 1-19. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052159]
  • Huang, Can, Celeste Amorim Varum & Joaquim Borges Gouveia. (2006). Scientific productivity paradox: The case of China’s S&T system. Scientometrics, 69(2): 449-473. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-0153-6]
  • Jaros, Kyle A. & Yeling Tan. (2020). Provincial Power in a Centralizing China: The Politics of Domestic and International “Development Space”. The China Journal, 83: 79-104. [https://doi.org/10.1086/706256]
  • Johnston, Margaret McCuaig & Moxi Zhang. (2015). China Embarks on Major Changes in Science and Technology. China Institute Occasional Paper Series, 2(2): 1-78.
  • Knoke, D. & Yang, S. (2008). Social Network Analysis. SAGE, Thousand Oaks. [https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985864]
  • Kodinariya, T. M., & Makwana, P. R. (2013). Review on determining number of Cluster in K-Means Clustering. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 1(6): 90-95.
  • Li, Linda Chelan. (2010). Central-local relations in the people’s Republic of China: Trends, processes and impacts for policy implementation. Public Administration and Development, 30(3): 177-190. [https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.573]
  • Li, Ping, Hongwei Wang & Jing Zhang. (2018). China’s S&T Reform and TFP over Past Four Decades of Reform and Opening-Up. China Economist, 13(1): 84-111.
  • Lorrain, F. & White, H. C. (1971). Structural Equivalence of Individuals in Social Networks. The Journal of mathematical sociology, 1(1): 49-80. [https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.1971.9989788]
  • Lu, Y., & Park, S. D. (2022). Time Series Analysis of Policy Discourse on Green Consumption in China: Text Mining and Network Analysis. Sustainability, 14(22): 14704. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214704]
  • Motohashi, Kazuyuki & Yun, Xiao. (2007). China’s innovation system reform and growing industry and science linkages. Research Policy, 36(8): 1251-1260. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.02.023]
  • Park, S. D. (2018). The nexus of FDI, R&D, and human capital on Chinese sustainable development: Evidence from a two-step approach. Sustainability, 10(6): 206. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062063]
  • Park, H., Lee, M., Hwang, S., & Oh, S. (2016). TF-IDF based association rule analysis system for medical data. KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering, 5(3): 145-154. [https://doi.org/10.3745/KTSDE.2016.5.3.145]
  • Provan, K. G. & Milward, H. B. (1995). A preliminary theory of interorganizational network effectiveness: A comparative study of four community mental health systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(1): 1–33. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2393698]
  • Ran, Aobo & Liu, Li. (2024). The change and continuity in China’s S&T policy: n institutional grammar (IG) approach. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 32(1): 204-220. [https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2023.2181832]
  • Rhodes, R. A. W. (1996). The New Governance: Governing without Government. Political Studies, 44(4): 652-667. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb01747.x]
  • Simon, Denis Fred. (1989). China’s Drive to Close the Technological Gap: S&T Reform and the Imperative to Catch Up. The China Quarterly, 119(Special Issue: The People’s Republic of China after 40 Years): 598-630. [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000022955]
  • Wang, Huijiong & Yan Hong. (2009). China: technology development and management in the context of economic reform and opening. Journal of Technology Management in China, 4(1): 4-25. [https://doi.org/10.1108/17468770910942816]
  • Witten, I. A. (2005). Text mining (I. M. P. Singh (ed.)). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
  • Xin, Fang. (2010). Re-examining the reform of China’s science and technology system: a historical perspective. Journal of Science and Technology Policy in China, 1(1): 7-17. [https://doi.org/10.1108/17585521011032513]
  • Xu, Chenggang. (2011). The fundamental institutions of China’s reforms and development. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(4): 1076–1151. [https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.4.1076]
  • Yang, Chao & Cui Huang. (2022). Quantitative mapping of the evolution of AI policy distribution, targets and focuses over three decades in China. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 174: 1-17. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121188]
  • Yang, Wenchuan, jian Liu & Miao Yu. (2013). Research of an Improved Algorithm for Chinese Word Segmentation Dictionary Based on Double-Array Trie Tree, Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 400: 355-362. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41644-6_33]
  • Yoo, G., M. & Ko, R. (2022). “A Study on Compensation Strategies for Translation of Political Texts. Korean Language in Chin, 239: 63-69.
  • Yu Zhou & Liu Xielin, (2016). Evolution of Chinese state policies on innovation, in Yu Zhou, William Lazonick, and Yifei Sun(eds.), China as an Innovation Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Zhong, Xiwei & Yang, Xiangdong. (2007). Science and technology policy reform and its impact on China’s national innovation system. Technology in Society, 29: 317-325. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2007.04.008]
  • 陈宝明. (2022). 我国科技体制改革的历程与展望. 科技中国, 12: 2-3.
  • 钮钦, 李哲. (2022). 新时代地方科技体制改革的回顾及展望. 科学管理研究, 40(5): 13-21.
  • 孙祯锋, 孙伯龙. (2024). 从“决策”到“执行”:中央与地方科技事权划分基准位移的法治进路. 湖州师范学院学报, 46(1): 54-61.
  • 廖直东, 姚凤民. (2019). 科技“双向”分权的创新效应研究. 广东财经大学学报, 3: 54-77.
  • 魏建漳, 任颋. (2022). 科技体制改革对省级创新体系绩效的影响. 科技进步与对策， 39(9): 103-113.
  • 陈江涛, 吕建秋, 蒋艳萍, 田兴国. (2018). 基于研究成果相对指数分析的广东省科技管理体制创新途径研究. 科技管理研究, 3: 127-133.
  • 丁赛姮. (2019). 改革开放40周年县域科技体制改革的经验与推广 - 基于浙江省新昌县的实证分析. 无锡职业技术学院学报, 18(5): 65-70.
  • 刘穷志, 岳明阳. 夏清华. (2020). 科技体制综合改革能否实现产业结构优化升级? - 来自试点城市的经验证据. 财贸研究, 7: 1-60.
  • 共产党员网. (2012). https://www.12371.cn/special/18cpcnc, (검색일: 2024.03.12.)
  • 中国科学技术部. (2023). https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc/flfg/202201/t20220118_179043.html, (검색일: 2024.7.10.)
  • 中国科学技术部. (1956). 1956年至1967全國科學技術發展遠景規劃. https://www.most.gov.cn/ztzl/gjzcqgy/zcqgylshg/200508/t20050831_24440.html, (검색일: 2024.7.2.)
  • 中国人民政府. (2009). https://www.gov.cn/test/2009-10/23/content_1447117.htm, (검색일: 2023.12.09.)
  • 中国人民政府. (2013). 习近平在十二届全国人大一次会议闭幕会讲话侧记. https://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2013-03/17/content_2356353.htm, (검색일: 2024.1.12.)
  • The New York Times. (2024.2.29.). “Biden Calls Chinese Electric Vehicles a Security Threat”, <https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/29/us/politics/biden-chinese-electric-vehicles.html, >(검색일: 2024.7.10.).
  • https://www.nature.com/collections/efchdhgeci, (검색일: 2024.7.5.).
  • https://pkulaw.com, (최종검색일: 2024.7.10.).
  • https://lvlin.baidu.com/question/1394188180956169820.html(검색일: 2024.7.10.).